Topic 1 - INTRODUCTION TO CHEMISTRY. Matter, structure and classification.
Topic 2 - ATOMIC STRUCTURE AND PERIODIC PROPERTIES. Introduction to Atomic Theory. The Heisenberg uncertainty principle, the Schrödinger wave equation and the structure of the hydrogen atom. Quantum numbers. Atomic orbitals and their energy levels. The Aufbau principle. Polyelectronics atoms and their electronic configuration. Relationship between electronic configurations of the elements and their properties. Periodic table. Periodic properties of the elements: ionization energy, atomic radius, mean energy of valence electrons. The concept of mole, atomic and molecular mass. Balance of reactions. Limiting reagent.
Topic 3 - CHEMICAL BOND. The chemical bond: ionic, covalent. Valence bond theory. Hybridization and resonance. Structures of simple molecules; diatomic homonuclear and heteronuclear molecules. Description of the structure of simple polyatomic molecules of fundamental importance. Concept of oxidation number and formal charge. Length, angle and bond strength. Introduction to the theory of molecular orbitals. Metal bond (outline); examples of structure of some condensed phases (ionic, covalent, molecular solids). Intermolecular forces: ion-dipole, dipole-dipole, interactions between induced dipoles (van der Waals interactions and London dispersion forces). The hydrogen bond: nature and effect on the structure of some condensed phases.
Argomento 4-I GAS. Lo stato gassoso. Pressione e unità di misura della pressione. Leggi di Boyle, Charles, Avogadro. Equazione generale per i gas ideali PV=nRT. Legge di Dalton. Gas reali. Equazione di van der Waals.
Argomento 5-TERMODINAMICA CHIMICA. Energia, lavoro, calore e loro risvolti in chimica. Primo principio della termodinamica e entalpia. Entalpia (standard) di reazione, di formazione e di legame. Legge di Hess. Secondo principio della termodinamica e spontaneità̀ delle trasformazioni chimico-fisiche.
Argomento 6-STATI AGGREGATI. Fasi condensate e transizioni di fase. Evaporazione, fusione, sublimazione. Punto di fusione normale e punto di ebollizione normale. Condensazione/liquefazione degli aeriformi. Fenomeni critici. Temperatura critica. Diagrammi di stato. Diagramma di stato dell’acqua. Termodinamica dei passaggi di stato.
Topic 4-GASES. The gaseous state. Pressure and pressure measurement unit. Boyle, Charles, Avogadro's law. General equation for ideal gases PV = nRT. Dalton's law. Real gases. van der Waals equation.
Topic 5 - THERMODYNAMICS. Energy, work, heat and their implications in chemistry. First law of thermodynamics and enthalpy. Enthalpy (standard) of reaction, formation and bond. Hess' law. Second law of thermodynamics and spontaneity of chemical-physical transformations.
Topic 6-CONDENSED STATES. Condensed phases and phase transitions. Evaporation, melting, sublimation. Normal melting point and normal boiling point. Air condensation / liquefaction. Critical phenomena. Critical temperature. State diagrams. Water state diagram. State-of-the-art thermodynamics.
Topic 7 - CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM. Homogeneous mixtures. Solutions. Solubility. Concentration measurement. Molarity, molality. Dilution. Raoult's laws for the non-volatile and volatile solute. Solubility of gases; Henry's law. Dependence of solubility on the nature of solute, solvent and temperature. Colligative properties of solutions. Osmosis and osmotic pressure. Fractional distillation. Law of mass action. Equilibrium constant. Reaction quotient. Effect of temperature on equilibrium. Le Chatelier's principle. Relationship between free energy and equilibrium constants (Kp, Kc). Chemical equilibrium in homogeneous and heterogeneous gas phase.
Topic 8 - CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION. Homogeneous equilibria in aqueous solution. Acid-base theories and applications. Definition of pH. Autoionization of water and Kw. Strength of acids and bases. pH, pOH and pK scales. pH calculation. Relationship between structure and acidic or basic strength. Saline hydrolysis. Buffer solutions. Solubility product and solubility equilibria. Enthalpy of solution and ions hydration, their relationship with the solubility of ionic compounds.
Topic 9-ELECTROCHEMISTRY. Oxidation-reduction reactions. Balancing of redox reactions. Electrode potentials and electromotive force of an electrochemical cell. Standard potentials. Standard electromotive force of a galvanic cell. Nernst's law and its thermodynamic meaning. Some examples of batteries. Electrolysis. Stoichiometry of electrolysis: Faraday's law.
Topic 10-CHEMICAL KINETICS. The reaction rate. Concentration and time. Reaction mechanisms. Models of reactions.
Topic 11-ELEMENTS OF NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY. Mass defect. Radionuclides and nuclear stability. Natural decay. Radioactive activity. Dating with the C14. Nuclear Fission. Radioactivity in everyday life and biomedical aspects.
Topic 12 - MAIN GROUP ELEMENTS CHEMISTRY AND INORGANIC CHEMISTRY IN MEDICAL AND PHARMACEUTICAL FIELD. Hydrogen, alkaline metals (sodium and potassium), alkaline earth metals (calcium and magnesium), nitrogen, chalcogens (oxygen and sulfur), halogens (fluorine and chlorine).