The course aims to give students a greater awareness of the radical transformations that have characterized the organizations since the last decades of the last century in the direction of a less conformist structure. This shift creates organizations more flexible but also more complex with uncertain boundaries that requires a greater ability to enhance the contributions of all participants. These changes will be read through the various theories and models that gradually succeeded in order to interpret the phenomenon of organization. In particular, we focus on two organizational forms of production which exemplify these changes more than others: the Fordist-Taylorist and that of lean production.