Portale di Ateneo - En.Unibs.it

CELLULAR PHYSIOLOGY
THE CELL. Cell membranes and solute transport through the
membranes
Intercellular communication: the receptors. Transmembrane potential of
rest
Genesis and propagation of the action potential.
THE MUSCLE
Neuromuscular junction. Excitation - contraction coupling.
Molecular basis of contraction. Mechanics of muscle contraction
(single shock, tetanus, length - tension relationship). Metabolism
muscle energy.
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
Genesis and propagation of the nerve impulse. The ability to integrate
of the neuron. General information on interneuronic interactions. The synaptic transmission.
MOTOR SYSTEMS: Role of the spinal cord in motor coordination:
reflexes and locomotion. Muscle and tendon receptors
Notes on the functions of motor coordination of the trunk, brain,
of the cerebral cortex, cerebellum and basal nuclei.
SENSORY SYSTEMS: Receptors. General information on the organization of systems
sensory
AUTONOMOUS NERVOUS SYSTEM
General organization of the autonomic nervous system.
Visceral innervation and neurotransmitters of the sympathetic systems e
parasympathetic

CARDIO-VASCULAR SYSTEM
HEART. Notes on electrophysiology of the heart cell. Origin e
coordination of heartbeat. General information on electrocardiography.
Mechanical events of the cardiac cycle. Cardiac output.
Intrinsic regulation of the ejection volume (Frank-Starling law)
Extrinsic regulation of contractility and heart rate.
VASCULAR SYSTEM
Anatomical and functional characteristics of the vessels. Fundamental notions of
pressure, flow and resistance. Blood pressure and sphygmic wave. Role
of arterioles in controlling peripheral blood flow.
Intrinsic control of arteriolar vasoconstriction (active hyperemia e
reactive).
Nervous and humoral control of arteriolar vasoconstriction.
Capillary circulation and transcapillary exchanges. Venous circulation e
venous return.
Blood Pressure Control Mechanisms.
THE BLOOD
The composition of the blood (normal values). The blood cells. Overview
on coagulation
Blood groups.
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
RESPIRATORY MECHANICS-Lung volumes. Anatomical dead space and
physiological dead space. Respiratory muscles. Concepts of mechanics of pulmonary ventilation.
Elastic properties of the lung and chest wall: pressure intrapleural
Regional regulation of alveolar ventilation and perfusion.
Alveolar surfactant.
EXCHANGE AND TRANSPORT OF RESPIRATORY GASES-Exchange of O2 and CO2 in the
alveoli and tissues. Transport of oxygen in the blood. Curve of
dissociation of hemoglobin
Transport of carbon dioxide in the blood.
CONTROL OF BREATH-Genesis of the rhythm of the breath: the respiratory centers
bulbar and pontine. Notes on pulmonary reflexes. Chemical control of
breath: the peripheral and central chemoreceptors.
GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM
Functional properties of the gastrointestinal system: secretion, motility e
absorption
The glands attached to the gastrointestinal system: LIVER and PANCREAS.
BILE and PANCREATIC JUICE: composition and control of
secretion
DIGESTION AND ABSORPTION OF FOOD.
Determination and significance of the basal metabolic rate. Dynamic specific action
of food. FOOD AS A FORM OF ENERGY: carbohydrates,
lipids, proteins.
The Body Mass Index.
URINARY SYSTEM
* Glomerular filtration and renal blood flow- *
* Tubular reabsorption and secretion Urine concentration: countercurrent multiplication system. The concept of RENAL CLEARANCE

* Regulation of osmolarity of body fluids: hormone function
antidiuretic (ADH). *
* Volume control of extracellular fluid: the renin-angiotensin system-
aldosterone. Notes on the regulation of acid-base balance.
*
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
General principles on production, secretion and mechanism of action
hormones.
MECHANISM OF HORMONAL REGULATION (FEED-BACK).
HYPOTHALAMIC CONTROL OF HYPOPHYSICAL HORMONES.
CONTROL OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM BY HORMONES
OF ADENOIPOPHYSIS. The hormonal axes