Portale di Ateneo - En.Unibs.it

FOREWORD

The course of Hydraulic Engineering, as the name implies, relates to the complex field of design / verification of engineering works intended for the management of water, its conservation and protection, hydraulic protection of the territory. Pe anyone approaching the subject, therefore, the first is to acquire knowledge of the water cycle, their distribution in space and time, the interaction with the earth's surface and with the first subsurface. This knowledge is the object of study of Hydrology, key elements of which are part of the cultural baggage of good builder plumber. In this course you will be called when needed, the main concepts, definitions, and methods learned in hydrology. For students civilians will be given of the illustrations synthetic.

RESERVOIRS AND DAMS

Water resources are closely related to the seasonality of precipitation that, in our country, the climate can vary endo-Alpine (with a maximum in summer and minimum in winter) to the Mediterranean islands (with a maximum in winter and dry summers). Between these two extremes are developed all other rainfall patterns and, consequently, hydrometric regimes. The uses of water are governed by the need of the system that can be slowly variable (such as hydropower) or strongly seasonal (as irrigation). From this it follows that, for the best use of available resources, it appears very important the regulation of outflows by means of reservoirs able to move water volumes from one season (the rainy s.) to another, or even from one year to the next.
The artificial dams can be classified in several ways: a simple way is to distinguish according to the material that constitutes:
1-concrete dams, renforced or not; 2-dams in granular material.
The dams in the concrete can be classified as 'gravity' dams, arch and dome, depending on the way they are resistant to stresses. In Italy there are examples of all these types. The dams in loose materials withstand the water pressures and other stresses by their weight. Different is the method of construction. We distinguish earth dams, dikes zoned (core waterproof), rockfill dams. From a hydraulic point of view, the design problem is the assignment to the dam of u volume suitable to perform water regulation with assigned value of the risk of failure.
The dam safety is guaranteed by the spillways: of surface, middle and bottom. It 'important to know the essential elements for the design of a spillway, with the profile of the slide, the stilling basin and regulation gates. Among discharges of surface is also interesting shaft spillway, often used in earth dams.
The sockets are another essential element and must guarantee the possibility of exploitation of the resource by the maximum level of regulation to that of minimum.

DRAINAGE NETWORKS

One of the most significant hydraulic works are that of drainage systems. The hydrographic network is the best example of this natural system, which is essential to ward off the heavy rains from the places where they fall to the extent that these numbers do not produce damage.
The sewer, as well as systems of land reclamation works are suitable for the retention of piocce intense and the resulting flow. This chapter is intended for the design / verification of drainage networks through the use of intensity-duration-frequency curves to estimate design hydrograph, linear or non-linear model for estimation of the net rainfalls and linear models, such as kinematic model or linear reservoir to calculate the rainfall-runoff transformation.

WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS

The first user of water is the agriculture practice (70%), followed by industry (20-25%) and the drinking water (5-10%). To allow these uses is needed to identify the sources of fresh water and arrange works of adduction (External aqueduct) and distribution (water inside). Among these, at least for the aqueducts civil and industrial, can be interposed a system of regulation tanks.
The agricultural aqueducts generally consist of large and long channels (primary) for water transport and a netwok of secondary and tertiary canals for distributions. Up to this level, usually, the management is entrusted to the farmers consortium which takes its name from the main channel or from the territory on which it has jurisdiction (consortium Middle Chiese, Consortium Canal Fusia, etc.). Tertiary depart from dense networks of distribution channels to the crop fields that are organized in 'meetings'.
The aqueducts are often industrial districts serving large water demand. Their characteristic is that they often use untreated, or a little treat, water. In most cases, however, the industry is comfortable supplies directly into its own relevance by drawing on the slopes. This is one of the causes of deterioration of groundwater occurred in recent years.
The aqueducts drinking water, although the less hydro-demanding, are the most important because related to human health. To ensure good functionality it is necessary to provide water in the required quantity, quality and at the right pressure. It is the task of the designer is really the fulfillment of these needs.