Portale di Ateneo - En.Unibs.it

CELL PHYSIOLOGY: Composition of body fluids; Homeostasis; Negative and positive feedback control systems; Feed-forward control systems; Classification of intercellular communication; Principles of signal transduction; Selectivity, saturation and competitiveness of receptors; Agonist and antagonist receptors; Distribution of solutes in body fluids; Cell membrane; Membrane permeability; Concentration gradients; Passive vs. active transport; Fick's law; Ion channels and carrier proteins; Functional states of ion channels; Primary and secondary active transports; Sodium-potassium pump; SGLT glucose transporter; Osmosis; Aquaporins; Vesicular transport; Transepithelial transport; Electrogenesis, resting membrane potential and modulation factors; Nerst equilibrium potential and Goldman equation; Depolarization, hyperpolarization and repolarization; Graduated and action potentials; Synaptic transmission and nervous communication.

MUSCLE PHYSIOLOGY: Motor unit, neuromuscular junction and motor end plate; Neuromuscular transmission: End-plate potential and action potential in skeletal muscle; Skeletal muscle fibers; Theory of crossbridges; Excitation-contraction coupling; Calcium liberation and reuptake; Energy metabolism; Types of skeletal muscle fibers; Muscle fibre recruitment and Henneman's size principle; Plasticity of muscle fibers; Mechansm of muscle contraction; Twitch summation and tetanus; Smooth muscle tissue.

NEUROPHYSIOLOGY: Neuroglial cells; Central nervous system: white matter and gray matter, meninges and ventricles, cerebrospinal fluid and blood-brain barrier; Efferent neurons, afferent neurons and interneurons; Spinal cord; Functional organization of the brainstem; Thalamus and hypothalamus; Telencephalon; Basal ganglia; Cerebellum; Pyramidal and non-pyramidal neurons; Functional areas of the cerebral cortex; Organization of the motor control system; Lateralization of brain function; Topographic organization in the brain; Thalamo-cortical afferences and neuromodulation; principles of sensory physiology; Autonomic nervous system

CARDIOVASCULAR PHYSIOLOGY: Systemic-pulmunary circulation; Flow and Poiseulle's laws; Myocardial cells; Myocardium and electrical activity; Ionic bases of pacemacker cells; Action potentials in pacemaker cells and contractile fibers; Electrocardiogram; Cardiac cycle: ventricular pressure, atrial pressure and aortic pressure; Ventricular volume (telediastolic vs. telesystolic); Wiggers diagram; Vegetative innervation of the heart; Stroke volume and cardiac output; Heart rate modification; Modification factors for stroke volume; Arteries and transmural pressure; Blood pressure; Arterioles and variability of arteriolar resistance; Active and reactive hyperemia; Capillaries (continuous vs. fenestrated), precapillary sphincters and metarterioles; Starling forces, pressure gradients, filtration and reabsorption; Net filtration pressure; Venules; Veins and central venous pressure; Effects of posture on circulation pressure; Skeletal-muscle pump, respiratory-pump, total blood volume, vasomotor tone; Mean arterial pressure and nervous regulation; Blood and lymph.

RESPIRATORY PHISIOLOGY: Conducting and respiratory zone; pleural pressures; Intrapleural fluid and surface tension; Role of intrapleural pressure; Pneumothorax; Boyle's law; Respiratory mechanics; Factors modulating pulmonary ventilation; Pulmonary resistance; LaPlace's law and role of alveolar surfactant; Bronchodilation and bronchoconstriction; Lung volumes and capacities; Pulmonary and alveolar ventilation; Gas mixtures and partial pressures; Gas exchange; Factors influencing the partial pressure of alveolar oxygen and carbon dioxide; Hyperpnoea, hyperventilation and hypoventilation; Transportation of oxygen in the blood; Hemoglobin and oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve; Hemoglobin-oxygen affinity; Transport of carbon dioxide in the blood; Nervous control of the respiratory rhythm.

RENAL PHYSIOLOGY: Renal corpuscle and renal tubule; Glomerular filtration; Starling Forces; Glomerular filtration pressure; Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR); Intrinsic control of GFR: myogenic regulation, tubuloglomerular feedback, mesangial cells; Extrinsic control of GFR; Reabsorption, saturation and transport maximum; Reabsorption pressure; Renal glucose reabsorption; Secretion; Excretion; Renal tubular mechanisms of organic solute transport; Water balance; Water reabsorption in the proximal tubule; Countercurrent multiplication and osmolarity of the medullary space; Reabsorption of water in the distal tubule and in the collecting duct; Vasopressin, aldosterone, renine-angiotensine system and atrial natriuretic peptide; Na and K balance; Acid-base balance; Bicarbonate buffer system; Respiratory compensation; Renal compensation.

PHYSIOLOGY OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM: Structure and motility in the gastrointestinal tract; Enteric nervous system; Stomach and intestinal motility; Salivary, gastric, pancreatic and biliary secretions and functions; Digestion and absorption of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins; Absorption of salt and water; General principles on the ENDOCRINE PHISIOLOGY.