Portale di Ateneo - En.Unibs.it

GUIDE TO READING THE PROGRAM
This program is written not only to indicate the exam topics but also how they are presented in class where the topics of the single teaching units that make up the teaching of Human Anatomy II are treated in an integrated way.
Before to start the topographic study, the anatomy of the bones, joints and muscles of all the teachings will be described.
Starting from the limbs, the topographic anatomy of the different regions will be addressed, including the surface anatomy, the stratigraphy, the anatomy of the organs, vessels and nerves; the main aspects of clinical, functional and radiological anatomy will considered also taking into account gender differences. The main organogenetic events will also be described.

For the bones, joints and muscles reported in the program an analytical study is required:
- for analytical study of bones we mean: shape, main processes and foramina, articular surfaces;
- Analytical study of the joints means: classification, structure, movements;
- for analytical study of the muscles we mean: location, morphology, origin, insertion, action; with innate anatomy, innervation and main relationships are also required.
For the organs reported in the program an analytical study is required: location, macroscopic and microscopic morphology,, vascularization, innervation and lymphatic drainage, relationships with the serous, main anatomical variants.
For the vessels and nerves reported in the program an analytical study is required: origin, course, distribution territory for the arteries, territory of drainage for the veins territory of innervation for nerves; the main collateral and terminal branches, their main relationships, the relative distribution territory and the main anatomical variants are also required.
When the indicated the terms: general/general organization, if referring to a single bone or muscle, we mean the location and general morphology; if they refer to the bones or muscles of a region, it means the location of the individual bones or muscles in the region; if they are referred to joints, the morphology and classification of the joint must be known; if they are referred to an organ, are required: location, general morphology; if they are referred to the vascularization and the innervation of a region the localization of the main vessels and the nerves of the region is required.

SYSTEMATIC ANATOMY OF BONES AND JOINTS (Co-teacher Prof. Bonomini)
BACK
Bones: vertebral column.
Joints and ligaments: vertebral ligaments, intervertebral and cranio-vertebral joints.
CHEST
Bones: sternum and ribs
Joints: costovertebral and sternocostal joints.
Radiological anatomy: notions of radiological anatomy of vertebral column and thoracic cage.

MUSCLE SYSTEMATIC ANATOMY
BACK
Distinction between intrinsic and extrinsic muscles; general organization of the intrinsic muscles of the back.
CHEST
Intercostal muscles, transversus of the thorax, subcostal, rib elevators, dentates (the thoracic-appendicular extrinsic muscles are described with the limbs), diaphragm.

SYSTEMATIC ANATOMY OF VESSELS, NERVES, ORGANS AND TOPOGRAPHIC ANATOMY
BACK
- Surface anatomy
- General organization of skin and subutaneous tissue and their vascularization, innervation and lymphatic drainage.
-Stratigraphy and fascia: thoracolumbar fascia and deep cervical fascia.
CHEST
- Surface anatomy and topographic division of the thorax.
- Overview of the structures of the wall and of the thoracic cavity.
Chest wall:
- General organization of skin and subcutaneous tissue, their vascularization, innervation and lymphatic drainage, superficial fascia.
- Deep layer: pectoral and clavipectoral fasciae
-Arteries: internal thoracic, intercostal (general)
-Vene: internal thoracic, intercostal (general).
-Linfatici: general organization of the lymphatic centres of the thoracic wall.
-Nerves: intercostal (general).
-Mammella: structure, nerve vessels, subdivision in quadrants and lymphatic drainage.
Chest cavity:
- Pleuro-pulmonary spaces and their contents.
- Subdivision and limits of the mediastinum and its content.
-Arteries: ascending aorta, aortic arch, thoracic aorta, brachiocephalic trunk, pulmonary trunk.
-Vene: superior cava, brachiocephalic trunk, azigos system.
-Lymphatic vessels: thoracic duct, right lymphatic trunk.
-Nerves: vagus, phrenic, general organization of the thoracic paravertebral ganglionic chain.
-Organs: thymus (general), thoracic esophagus, heart and coronary, pericardium, pleura and lungs, thoracic trachea, bronchi.

Clinical anatomy of the thorax:
-Toraco-cardiac, thoraco-pulmonary and thoraco-pleural surface anatomy. Referred pain of the main thoracic organs. Main morphogenetic events and anatomical bases of the most common congenital defects.

Radiological anatomy of the thorax:
Radiological anatomy of the heart and of the mediastinum;
Radiological anatomy for thorax sections.